The greenback is surging, according to an index the Fed created to track the U.S. currency versus 26 of the country’s biggest trading partners. It’s risen 1.3 percent beyond a 12-year high reached in March, when the central bank fired the first of a series of warnings that a stronger dollar may hurt growth and lower inflation.

At a time when the Fed’s tightening path has become one of the biggest drivers in the $5.3 trillion-a-day foreign-exchange market, the discrepancy between Wall Street’s view — largely based on the dollar’s performance against the euro and the yen — and that of policy makers may lead to a jolt for investors expecting recent ranges to persist. The rapid trade-weighted appreciation this quarter has come mostly against big exporters such as China and Mexico, and it undercuts the Fed’s goal of quicker inflation. It may trigger further jawboning from officials looking to cool the dollar’s broad gains as the Fed begins raising interest rates for the first time in almost a decade.

“The dollar still continues to strengthen on a trade-weighted basis and the Fed definitely takes that into the equation,” said Brad Bechtel, a managing director at Jefferies Group LLC in New York. “The risk is the Fed starts really emphasizing that, and the market would be caught offside.”

Yuan, Peso

The Fed’s trade-weighted broad dollar index measures the greenback against the currencies of 26 economies according to the size of bilateral trade. China, Mexico and Canada make up 46 percent of the gauge.

Meanwhile, most private-sector dollar gauges track a basket of the world’s most liquid, widely used currencies. Intercontinental Exchange Inc.’s U.S. Dollar Index, which serves as the benchmark for various futures and options instruments, has a 58 percent weight to the euro and 14 percent for the yen. It lacks representation from any emerging markets, which account for more than half of the U.S.’s total trade flow.

The two indexes had moved alongside each other until a month ago. The Fed’s broad dollar index surged 3.4 percent this quarter to a 12-year high as China devalued the yuan to support a slowing economy, while a renewed commodities rout undermined Canada’s loonie and the Mexican peso. The ICE dollar gauge dropped 2 percent during the same period.

 Measures Matter

“It’s important to be mindful of which dollar measures matter, especially if you’re looking at it through the Fed’s eyes,” Ellen Zentner, chief U.S. economist at Morgan Stanley, said on Bloomberg Radio. One of the criteria for the Fed to raise rates is “a leveling out of the trade-weighted dollar. At the time of the June meeting, they could check off that box. Today, they can’t.”

Dollar bulls as recently as March were buffeted by unexpected warnings from the central bank. On March 18, a few days after the Fed index rose to the strongest in more than a decade, Chair Janet Yellen said the dollar would be a “notable drag” on growth this year.

The same day, policy makers lowered their forecasts for the fed funds rate by almost half. The ICE dollar index dropped 1.2 percent over the next two weeks.

In the minutes from the Fed’s July meeting released last week, the dollar was mentioned 12 times, as some officials “continued to see downside risks to inflation from the possibility of further dollar appreciation and declines in commodity prices.”

Inflation Detriment

The dollar’s surge may restrain inflation and limit the Fed’s ability to raise interest rates, punishing the U.S. currency against some major counterparts, according to Nomura Holdings Inc.

“In coming months we’ll be looking at import price deflation that is the most severe we’ve had for many years,” said Jens Nordvig, a managing director of currency research at Nomura. “There may be opportunities to fade dollar gains in Group-of-10, where the direction of the Fed really is a key driver.”

(With assistance from Chloe Whiteaker)

http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-08-23/the-fed-is-looking-at-a-very-different-dollar-than-wall-street