Settled by both Britain and France during the first half of the 19th century, the island was made a French possession in 1853. It served as a penal colony for four decades after 1864. Agitation for independence during the 1980s and early 1990s ended in the 1998 Noumea Accord, which over a period of 15 to 20 years will transfer an increasing amount of governing responsibility from France to New Caledonia. The agreement also commits France to conduct as many as three referenda between 2013 and 2018, to decide whether New Caledonia should assume full sovereignty and independence.

Oceania, islands in the South Pacific Ocean, east of Australia

slightly smaller than New Jersey

tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid

coastal plains with interior mountains

nickel, chrome, iron, cobalt, manganese, silver, gold, lead, copper

cyclones, most frequent from November to March

erosion caused by mining exploitation and forest fires

consists of the main island of New Caledonia (one of the largest in the Pacific Ocean), the archipelago of Iles Loyaute, and numerous small, sparsely populated islands and atolls

227,436 (July 2010 est.)

17.04 births/1,000 population (2010 est.)

5.68 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

2.15 children born/woman (2010 est.)

Melanesian 44.1%, European 34.1%, Wallisian & Futunian 9%, Tahitian 2.6%, Indonesian 2.5%, Vietnamese 1.4%, Ni-Vanuatu 1.1%, other 5.2% (1996 census)

Roman Catholic 60%, Protestant 30%, other 10%

French (official), 33 Melanesian-Polynesian dialects

territorial collectivity of France since 1998

none (overseas territory of France); there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 3 provinces named Province des Iles, Province Nord, and Province Sud

none (overseas territory of France); note - a referendum on independence was held in 1998 but did not pass; a new referendum is scheduled for 2014

Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

based on French civil law; the 1988 Matignon Accords grant substantial autonomy to the islands

18 years of age; universal

Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; County Courts; Joint Commerce Tribunal Court; Children's Court

Alliance pour la Caledonie or APLC [Didier LE ROUX]; Caledonia Together [Philippe GOMES]; Caledonian Union or UC [Charles PIDJOT]; Federation des Comites de Coordination des Independantistes or FCCI [Francois BURCK]; Front National or FN [Jean-Marie LE PEN]; Front Uni de Liberation Kanak or FULK [Ernest UNE]; Labor Party or PT [Louis Kora UREGEI]; Kanak Socialist Front for National Liberation or FLNKS (includes PALIKA, UNI, UC, and UPM); Parti de Liberation Kanak or PALIKA [Paul NEAOUTYINE]; Rally for Caledonia or RPC [Jacques LAFLEUR]; The Future Together or AE [Didier LEROUX]; The Rally or UMP [Pierre FROGIER]; Union Nationale pour l'Independance or UNI; Union Progressiste Melanesienne or UPM [Victor TUTUGORO]

ITUC, PIF (associate member), SPC, UPU, WFTU, WMO

none (overseas territory of France)

the flag of France is used

New Caledonia has about 25% of the world's known nickel resources. Only a small amount of the land is suitable for cultivation, and food accounts for about 20% of imports. In addition to nickel, substantial financial support from France - equal to more than 15% of GDP - and tourism are keys to the health of the economy. Substantial new investment in the nickel industry, combined with the recovery of global nickel prices, brightens the economic outlook for the next several years.

$3.158 billion (2003 est.)

$3.3 billion (2003 est.)

vegetables; beef, deer, other livestock products; fish

nickel mining and smelting

1.825 billion kWh (2007 est.)

1.697 billion kWh (2007 est.)

0 bbl/day (2009 est.)

13,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)

645 bbl/day (2007 est.)

14,430 bbl/day (2007 est.)

0 bbl (1 January 2009 est.)

0 cu m (1 January 2009 est.)

$1.341 billion (2006)

ferronickels, nickel ore, fish

France 27.52%, Japan 14.87%, Taiwan 10.51%, Spain 7.74%, China 7.31%, Australia 6.64%, Belgium 5.13%, South Korea 4.2% (2009)

$1.998 billion (2006)

machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, foodstuffs

France 39.89%, Singapore 14.12%, Australia 12.5%, NZ 5.42% (2009)

$79 million (1998 est.)

Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US dollar - 87.59 (2007), 94.97 (2006), 95.89 (2005), 96.04 (2004), 105.66 (2003)

the publicly-owned French Overseas Network (RFO), which operates in France's overseas departments and territories, broadcasts over the RFO Nouvelle Caledonie television and radio stations; a small number of privately-owned radio stations also broadcast (2008)

no regular military forces; French military, police, and gendarmerie (2009)

defense is the responsibility of France

Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia claimed by France and Vanuatu